This IP Observatory will introduce readers to some of the major contributions to the field and to the study of Intellectual Property (IP) and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). Listings will range from academic papers, to news articles, or even editorials which reflect and/or inform wider opinion about IP and IPRs. While this is by no means meant to be an exhaustive source of information, wehope that, as the collection builds up, this electronic resource will provide policymakers, academics and students with an important tool for better understanding national and international debates on IP and IPRs. Each publication added has been read and analysed by the Stockholm Network and a brief abstract, as well as publication review sheet, is provided with each listing. The publication review sheets are meant to give readers a quick overview of each publication and what type of IP and IPR issue they examine. Review sheets are for information purposes only and do not provide an assessment of the overall quality of any particular publication. As the Observatory is currently under construction, we would appreciate any user comments and feedback. Please email info@stockholm-network.org and we will register your comments or respond to your query.
Disclaimer
The views, findings and conclusions expressed in these publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the corporate view of the Stockholm Network or those of its member think tanks.
How do Patents And Economic Policies Affect Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries? Health Affairs, Volume 23, Number 3, May/June 2004
by Amir Attaran (published -1)
This paper examines the link between patents in developing countries and access to medicines for 319 medicines and medical products from the WHO’s list of essential medicines. The study shows that patent protection exists for less than 2% of these products and does not hinder access to these medicines.
Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals: A Comparative Study of the Law in the United States and Canada, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2002
by Mary Atkinson (published -1)
This paper analyses patenting law for pharmaceuticals in the US and Canada. It outlines how the patenting systems of the United States and Canada have been affected by trade agreements, in particular NAFTA.
Trade policy and health: from conflicting interests to policy coherence, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85 (3), March 2007
by Chantal Blouin (published -1)
This article explores the links between trade policy and access to medicines. It makes specific recommendations on how international trade policies can be reconciled with national health objectives.
Out-licensing: a practical approach for improvement of access to medicines in poor countries, Viewpoint, The Lancet, Vol. 361, January 25 2003
by Michael A. Friedman, Henk den Basten, Amir Attaran (published -1)
This article discusses how medicines can best be accessed in developing countries and criticizes claims that patents are hindering the use of essential medicines in these countries. The article makes specific suggestions on how systems of out-licensing could benefit both patients in developing countries as well as pharmaceutical manufacturers who own the IPRs to these medicines.
Overview of the Hatch-Waxman Act and its Impact on the Drug Development Process, Food and Drug Law Journal, Vol. 54, Issue 2, 1999
by Gerald J. Mossinghof (published -1)
This is a legislative history of the Hatch-Waxman legislation of 1984. The paper analyses the history of the legislation, the legislation itself, and put forwards proposals to improve the legislation.
A fair deal for the future: flexibilities under TRIPS, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Editorials, 82, (11), November 2004
by Anthony D. So (published -1)
Editorial discussing so-called TRIPS+ provisions in Free Trade Agreements. The article argues against the use of TRIPS+ provisions and calls for a remodeling of TRIPS flexibilities.
Compensation in International Licensing Agreements, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1998
by Preet S. Aulakh, S. Tamer Cavusgil, MB Sarkar (published -1)
A theoretical study of licensing agreements between independent companies based on their compensation structure. The paper includes an empirical survey of American firms.
Should the Patent System for New Medicines be Abolished?, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 82, Issue 5, November 2007
by JA DiMasi and HG Grabowski (published -1)
Opinion article on the alternatives to the existing system of patent protection. The article includes a survey of proposed alternatives and major problems associated with them.
An Economic Analysis of Unilateral Refusals to License Intellectual Property, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 93, No. 23, November 12 1996
by Robert J. Gilbert and Carl Shapiro (published -1)
Discussion paper on the tension between intellectual property law and antitrust law. This paper examines how antitrust law may lead to situations of forced compulsory licensing.
Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78, No. 2, May 1996
by Jeong-Yeon Lee and Edwin Mansfield (published -1)
This study examines the relationship between a country’s intellectual property protection laws and foreign direct investment (FDI) from the US. Through an empirical analysis of 100 US firms the study finds that the level of intellectual property protection in a country does influence levels of US FDI.
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